![]() International nonproprietary name (INN): Trade (brand) name Some of the currently available long-acting β 2 adrenoceptor agonists include: At least with formoterol, an increased risk appears to be present even when steroids are used and this risk has not been ruled out for salmeterol. There were no asthma-related deaths and few asthma-related serious adverse events when salmeterol is used with an inhaled steroid. Large surveillance studies are ongoing to provide more information. A 2018 meta-analysis was unable to determine whether an increase serious adverse events reported in the previous meta-analysis on regular salmeterol alone is abolished by the additional use of regular inhaled corticosteroid. They should not be used without an accompanying steroid due to an increased risk of severe symptoms, including exacerbation in both children and adults. In children this benefit is uncertain and they may be potentially harmful. When combined with inhaled steroids, β adrenoceptor agonists can improve symptoms. This allows the active portion of the molecule to continuously bind and unbind at β 2 receptors in the smooth muscle in the lungs. Their long duration of action is due to the addition of a long, lipophilic side-chain that binds to an exosite on adrenergic receptors. With the exception of formoterol, long-acting β 2 agonists are not recommended for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations because of their slower onset of action compared to salbutamol. They are designed to reduce the need for shorter-acting β 2 agonists such as salbutamol (albuterol), as they have a duration of action of approximately 12 hours in comparison with the 4-to-6-hour duration of salbutamol, making them candidates for sparing high doses of corticosteroids or treating nocturnal asthma and providing symptomatic improvement in patients with COPD. Long-acting β adrenoceptor agonists ( LABAs, more specifically, long-acting β 2 adrenergic receptor agonists) are usually prescribed for moderate-to-severe persistent asthma patients or patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Salmeterol-an example of long-acting β 2 adrenoreceptor agonist
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